The following leading causes of worker deaths on construction worksites mostly falls into four types including electrocution, struck-by moving, flying object, and caught-in/between heavy machinery, vehicle or other objects are:
FALL FROM HEIGHT HAZARDS
IMPROPER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION
- Erection of scaffold on loose soil that could cause the collapse of the structure
- Erection of scaffold without base plates that could cause the collapse of the structure
- Access ladders or platforms without handrails
- Scaffolding platforms not fully planked.
- Scaffolding components i.e. standards ledgers transoms are not meeting OSHA standard
- Edge protection not being done
- Missing guardrails above platforms
- Gaps in the platform
- Scaffolding couplers insufficient or not according to the standard or not tied up properly
- Bracing not being done to support the scaffolding structure
- Light duty scaffolds to carry out heavy-duty work
- Toe boards not being installed to avoid material falling and improper distance of hand and mid-rail form the platform.
- Untrained worker or incompetent inspector
ROOF/FLOOR OPENINGS
- Unprotected hole in the floor
- Barricade not being installed around the opening to indicate fall hazard
- Unprotected edge of the excavation hole
- Improper Access and Egress routes
UNPROTECTED ROOF EDGES
- Working near an edge with no railing
- working near an edge without the use of lifeline and safety harness
- Working without the fall arrest system
UNSAFE PORTABLE LADDERS
- The base of the ladder not secured properly.
- 1:4 ration not being followed while placing a ladder (75 Degree)
- Missing rungs in the ladder
- Not having a portable ladder extend three-3 feet above the landing
- Slippery rungs
- Weak or broken side rungs
STRUCK-BY HAZARDS
STRUCK-BY FLYING OBJECT
- Drive mechanism i.e. rotation parts of equipment may break and fly off after excessive use
- Grinder disc may fly off while using it without the safeguard
- A metal piece flies off while cutting activity
- Accidental nail gun discharges
- Concrete splashes during concrete work
- Tip flying off a saw blade
- Sandblasting, green cut
- Cleaning with compressed air flying of sandstones
- Rock fragments while blasting
STRUCK-BY FALLING OBJECT
- Loose materials tools on platforms with no toe boards
- Scaffolding components especially joints may fall
- Unsecured woods for shuttering
- Concrete falling form concrete placing boom
- Load failure while lifting work
- Tools/materials fall off unprotected edges
- Loose material falls from vertical slopes
STRUCK-BY SWINGING OBJECT
- Swing radius of crane not barricaded
- Compressor hoses lose joints that may open
- Staying close to the nozzle of mobile concrete pump
- Working around excavators
- Standing under the suspended load
STUCK-BY ROLLING OBJECT
- Gas cylinders placed unsecured
- Portable equipment i.e. generator mixers placed on slopes
- Fuel drums not staked properly
- Large concrete pipes used in drains
- unsecured stones or sliding of material
- Unstack materials
CAUGHT IN/BETWEEN HAZARD
MACHINERY THAT HAS UNGUARDED MOVING PARTS
- Propeller shafts of concrete mixer
- Water pump and its drive mechanism i.e. rotating belt, pulleys, motor without mesh guard
- Conveyor belts of batching plants without any barrier
- Batching plant mixers
- Generator fans without mesh guard
- Pneumatic tools i.e hand drills
- Machines not locked out when they are repaired
- Compressors drive mechanism
- Working with hand drills
- Crawler drill chains
- Dozers chains
BURIED IN OR BY
- Unprotected trenches
- Unprotected excavations
- Land sliding
- Unprotected slopes
- Confined spaces especially tunnels
- Concrete formwork collapse while fixing reinforcing steel or pouring concrete
PINNED BETWEEN
- Mobilization of materials and equipment
- Manual handling, lifting of material
- Drilling with a hand drill
- Working between a stationary object and moving excavator
- Erection of different formwork plates
- Handling of large irregular loads
ELECTROCUTION
CONTACT WITH POWER LINES
- Work at height on scaffolds
- Lifting works with cranes
- Excavation work near buried services
- Demolishing work of buildings
- Excavation for drains
- Snowfall may cause breakage of power lines and their contact with personnel walking around
- Power lines may fall over during high winds or land sliding
- Operating equipment around overhead power lines
- Using a metal extension ladder around overhead power lines
CONTACT WITH ENERGIZED SOURCES
- Working without insulated gloves
- Lockout tag out system not followed during any repair work
IMPROPER USE OF EXTENSION AND FLEXIBLE CORDS
- Damaged extension that produced sparks
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